Dynamics of binary systems: binary stars and their classification, determining the mass of stars in visual binary systems, eclipsing and spectroscopic binaries. Classification of stellar spectra: formation of spectral lines, spectral types of stars, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, Boltzmann and Saha equations, Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Stellar atmospheres: radiation field; energy density, flux and pressure; stellar opacity, optical depth, radiative transfer, limb darkening, transfer equation, Eddington approximation, spectral line profiles, line broadening. Stellar structure: hydrostatic equilibrium, pressure equation of state, ideal gas law, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics, stellar energy sources, timescales, quantum tunneling, nucleosynthesis, energy transport and thermodynamics, stellar models and simulation. The Sun: solar interior, solar neutrino problem, solar atmosphere, photosphere, chromosphere, corona, solar wind, the solar cycle, sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections. Interstellar medium: gas and dust in the interstellar medium (ISM), interstellar extinction, Mie theory, hydrogen in the ISM, HI 21-cm radiation, molecular hydrogen, interstellar clouds of different types, interstellar chemistry, heating and cooling of ISM. Star formation: Jeans criterion, homologous collapse, fragmentation of collapsing clouds, formation of protostars, ambipolar diffusion, Hayashi track, pre-main-sequence evolution, brown dwarfs, birth of massive stars, zero-age main-sequence, initial mass function, HII regions, OB associations, T Tauri stars, Herbig-Haro objects, circumstellar disk formation. Stellar evolution: stellar evolution timescales, the main sequence, low-mass main-sequence evolution, Schoenberg-Chandrashekhar limit, high-mass main-sequence evolution, post-main-sequence evolution, subgiant branch, red giant branch, helium flash, horizontal branch, asymptotic giant branch (AGB), AGB evolution, planetary nebulae, clusters of stars, three populations, globular and galactic clusters, color-magnitude diagrams, isochrones and cluster age, Hertzsprung gap. Stellar pulsation: period-luminosity relation, instability strip, period-density relation, Eddington’s thermodynamic heat engine, kappa and gamma mechanisms, partial ionization zones, non-linear hydrodynamic models, nonradial stellar pulsation; p, f and g modes; helioseismology, asteroseismology. Death of massive stars: post-main-sequence evolution of massive stars, luminous blue variables, Wolf-Rayet stars, supernovae, core-collapse supernovae and their remnants, s-process and r-process nucleosynthesis, gamma-ray bursts, cosmic rays. Degenerate remnants of stars: discovery of Sirius B, white dwarfs, pulsating white dwarfs, electron degeneracy, Chandrashekhar limit, cooling of white dwarfs, crystallization, neutron stars, neutron degeneracy, pulsars. Black holes: the general theory of relativity, gravitational redshift and time dilation, worldlines and lightcones, spacetime metric, Schwarzschild metric, orbit of a satellite, a trip into a black hole, mass ranges of black holes, frame dragging, spacetime tunnels, Hawking radiation.